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Short reads on motor design fundamentals — the theory behind the tools.

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Cogging torque

Why PM motors feel notchy at low speed, how LCM(Q,P) sets cogging amplitude, and which slot-pole combinations minimise it for servo and hub motors.

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Winding distribution factor

Why spreading conductors across multiple slots staggers their EMF phasors — and how kd = sin(q·α/2) / (q·sin(α/2)) captures the penalty.

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Coil pitch factor — how a winding captures rotor flux

How slot electrical angles, coil span, and induced voltage combine into kp = sin(β/2). Includes a worked numerical example for a 12-slot / 4-pole machine.

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What is winding factor?

How the distribution and pitch factors combine to determine how efficiently a winding produces torque-generating flux.

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MMF harmonics in AC windings

How conductor placement creates a spatial harmonic spectrum — and why it causes torque ripple and rotor losses.

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Integer-slot vs fractional-slot

The slots-per-pole-per-phase ratio q and the trade-offs between distributed and tooth-coil winding configurations.

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How to read a B-H curve

Decode the magnetisation curve — what saturation, permeability, and hysteresis tell you about a steel grade.

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12s/14p vs 12s/10p: a mirror-image winding pair explained

Both share a winding factor of 0.933 yet behave differently. A side-by-side comparison of MMF harmonics, cogging torque, and operating frequency for these common FSCW configurations.

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NdFeB magnet grades explained

Remanence, coercivity, energy product, and temperature class suffixes — how to navigate the N35–N52 grade system.

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